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Gay New York brilliantly shatters the myth that before the 1960s gay life existed only in the closet, where gay men were isolated, invisible, and self-hating. Based on years of research and access to a rich trove of diaries, legal records, and other unpublished documents, this book is a fascinating portrait of a gay world that is not supposed to have existed.

• Sales Rank: #43927 in Books
• Published on: 1995-05-19
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.10" h x 1.40" w x 6.10" l, 1.35 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 496 pages

From Publishers Weekly
Chauncey reconstructs New York's pre-WWII gay community, revealing a group that was deeply involved in the city's social and cultural scenes.
Copyright 1995 Reed Business Information, Inc.

From Kirkus Reviews
Historian Chauncey (Univ. of Chicago) brilliantly maps out the complex gay world of turn-of-the-century New York City. This book's publication is timed to coincide with the 25th anniversary of the uprising at the Stonewall Inn, which is often hailed as the birth of the modern gay and lesbian movement. Yet Chauncey convincingly puts Stonewall in perspective: It hardly marked the beginning of urban gay pride or nightlife. Rather than languishing in obscurity and isolation, as has long been assumed, many gay male New Yorkers thrived in close, often proud communities decades before the famous riots. He argues that before WW II the boundaries between homosexual and heterosexual behavior were far looser than they were later, particularly among working-class men. Gay New York reconstructs prewar gay life through police records, newspapers, oral histories, the papers of the Society for the Suppression of Vice, diaries, medical records, and other fascinating primary texts. The material is rich and much of it startlingly revealing about prewar social mores: A State Liquor Authority investigator in 1939 amiably refers to a drag queen by the feminine pronoun, boasting that ``she liked us very much,'' while a musician's diaries tell of his often successful attempts at picking up uniformed policemen. This was clearly a world of permeable sexual boundaries. Chauncey (co-editor, Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past, not reviewed) is a savvy tour guide, leading us through bars, speakeasies, parks, bathhouses, streets, rooming houses, and cafeterias, always providing ample historical context and intriguing interpretive possibilities. He explores not only the mainstream culture's influence on gay urban life, but vice versa, arguing that homosexuality and heterosexuality are historically specific categories that evolved in the beginning of this century and shaped each other. Chauncey has made a stunning contribution not only to gay history, but to the study of urban life, class, gender--and heterosexuality. -- Copyright �1994, Kirkus Associates, LP. All rights reserved.

About the Author
George Chauncey is professor of American history at the University of Chicago and the author of Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940, which won the distinguished Turner and Curti Awards from the Organization of American Historians, the Los Angeles Times Book Prize, and the Lambda Literary Award. He testified as an expert witness on the history of antigay discrimination at the 1993 trial of Colorado's Amendment Two, which resulted in the Supreme Court's Romer v. Evans decision that antigay rights referenda were unconstitutional, and he was the principal author of the Historians' Amicus Brief, which weighed heavily in the Supreme Court's landmark decision overturning sodomy laws in Lawrence v. Texas (2003). The recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship, he lives and works in Chicago.

Most helpful customer reviews

52 of 52 people found the following review helpful.
Brilliant Social History of the "Gay Male World"
By Steven S. Berizzi
I read a lot of history, but generally not read social history. Nevertheless, this is one of the best books I have read in recent years. According to Author George Chauncey, who teaches at the University of Chicago, a "myth of isolation" "holds that, even if a gay world existed [in New York between 1890 and 1940], it was kept invisible." Chauncey's main premise is that, not only was there a gay New York beginning in the 1890s, it was not invisible.
In the marvelous introduction, Chauncey also makes the profound point that the gay male world of the pre-World War II era "was not a world in which men were divided into `homosexuals' and 'heterosexuals.'" Chauncey proceeds to explain: "This book argues that in important respects the hetero-homosexual binarism, the sexual regime now hegemonic in American culture, is a stunningly recent creation." Later in the introduction, Chauncey writes: "Heterosexuality, no less than homosexuality, is a historically specific social category and identity." Chauncey's study begins in the 1890s, "a time when New York was famous for being a `wide-open town,' [when] some clubs went so far as to stage live sexual performances." The so-called "Bowery resorts were only the most famous elements of an extensive, organized, highly visible gay world." At the turn of the century, men who were "`painted and powdered,' used women's names, and displayed feminine mannerisms" were called "fairies." According to Chauncey, fairies were tolerated, but not respected, in much of working-class society. During this period "Many men alternated between male and female sexual partners without believing that interest in one precluded interest in the other." Men, who "maintained a masculine demeanor and played...only the `masculine,' or insertive role in the sexual encounter" were not considered to be "queer." According to Chauncey: "many workingmen knew precisely were to go to find fairies with whom, if they chose, they need not exchange a word to make their wishes clear." Chauncey explains: "Most commonly, gay men simply offered to perform certain sexual acts, especially fellation, which many straight men enjoyed but many women (even many prostitutes) were loath to perform." If the sexual landscape was fluid in turn-of-the-century working-class New York, a more rigid adherence to the regime of heterosexuality was emerging in middle-class culture. By the 1920s, according to Chauncey, "the style of the fairy was more likely to be adopted by younger men and poorer men who had relatively little at stake in the straight middle-class world, where the loss of respect the fairy style entailed could be costly indeed." Chauncey explains that, in the first two decades of the 20th century, "heterosexuality became more important to middle-class than working-class men" because of the growing belief that "anyone who engaged in homosexual activity was implicated as `being' a homosexual." In Chauncey's view: "The insistence on exclusive heterosexuality emerged in part...in response to the [late-19th, early-20th century] crisis in middle-class masculinity....Middle-class men increasingly conceived of their sexuality - their heterosexuality, or exclusive desire for women - as one of the hallmarks of real men." According to Chauncey: "The association of the homosexual and the heterosexual with middle-class culture highlights the degree to which `sexuality' and the rooting of gender in anatomy were bourgeois productions," which explains why Chauncey asserts that the rigid heterosexual-homosexual dichotomy is a recent creation. This is historical exposition and analysis at its very best
Middle-class sensibilities also were at the center of efforts, beginning early in the 20th century, to police, if not suppress, the "city of bachelors." According to Chauncey: "The city was a logical destination for men intent on freeing themselves from the constraints of the family." In turn, according to Chauncey, middle-class reformers demonstrated a growing anxiety about the threat to the social order posed by men and women who seemed to stand outside the family." According to Chauncey, "World War I was a watershed in the history of the urban moral reform movement" because the war "embodied reformers' darkest fears and their greatest hopes, for it threatened the very foundations of the nation's moral order - the family, small-town stability, the racial and gender hierarchy." The streets of New York "were filled with soldiers and sailors," as a result of which, according to Chauncey, the war "threatened to expose hundreds of thousands of American boys from farms and small towns to the evil influences of the big city." Furthermore, as Chauncey puts it, although "[i]t is impossible to determine how many gay soldiers stayed in New York after the war,...it was, indeed, hard to keep them down on the farm after they've seen gay New York."
There is much else about this book to admire. After Chauncey defines the boundaries of his study, he devotes several chapters to describing in fascinating detail the gay male world in New York between 1890 and 1940, from YMCAs and rooming houses to saloons and gay bars to the baths to assignation hotels. I am simply in awe of the research Chauncey did for his chapter entitled "`Privacy Could Only Be Had in Public': Forging a Gay World in the Streets," the sources for which include not only the predictable secondary materials but also letters, interviews, oral histories, and court files in the New York Municipal Archives. There also is a fine selection of photographs, cartoons, and other visual aids.
The gay world in New York was tolerated by middle-class authorities as long as it did not spread to middle America or to threaten its values. During World War I, when thousands of young Americans in the military visited the city, the relatively open gay life there threatened to corrupt them, and that contributed to the creation of what Chauncey calls "police-state conditions," which evolved until they had firmly taken hold by 1940. I understand Chauncey currently is writing the history of gay New York from 1945 until 1975, and I await publication of that volume with great impatience.

26 of 26 people found the following review helpful.
Fresh Thinking About Gay History
By disco75
Chauncey's book offers serious and original thinking about queer history and about general urban history as well. Freed from the myths that have persisted about the place of homosexuals in U.S. society, the author paints a new portrait of what transpired just before the turn of the last century and into the early decades of the 20th century.
The most important idea he explains is that the concepts of "homosexuality" and "heterosexuality" as we understand them today didn't exist one hundred years ago. Chauncey's research shows that it was adherence to traditional gender role, rather than choice of sex partner, that labelled a man as either a "fairy" or "normal." The author provides detailed descriptions of the process by which working class men in particular could have sexual relations with other men and perserve a "normal" identity so long as the sex partners were effeminate. He uses extensive supporting materials that undergird his conclusions, including accounts of the "pansies" who were not, in fact, demeaned or ostracized but instead were tolerated, courted, and may even have served a vital purpose to working men who had relocated alone to the city to support families that lived elsewhere or to make their way into adulthood.
Chauncey shows how the definition of "invert"-- detour from standard gender role-- shifted gradually to the notion of "degenerate" or "homosexual"-- men who chose other men as sex partners. He makes clear how the emerging definition of homosexuality depended on a similarly new definition of heterosexuality. These subtle but powerful social mores are detailed at length, in convincing prose.
The book explains that there were places in early 20th century society for gays, countering the mistaken belief that the 1960's rebellions brought people out of the closet. The author hints, but doesn't explicitly state, that societal needs may have some not insubstantial effect on how prominent the gay people will be in our communities, or even how many young men may experiment with homosexuality for identity, financial need, or other reasons.
Chauncey's prose is vivid and evocative. He many times, especially in the early parts of the book, uses a hair-splitting preciseness with terms that can become tiresome to a reader. He also shows an academic's obsessiveness with source material: his book is chockful of lengthy source notes in the appendix and footnotes at the bottoms of the pages. These practices make his work explicit for purposes of academics but also tedious for general reading.
He employs other techniques that I believe weakened the impact of the reading. Chauncey summarizes a great deal at the end of each chapter, which dilutes the momentum of his historical survey. He is prone to repetitions of concepts and quotes. He also divided his themes such that each chapter covers expansive times. This has the reader continually moving back to the beginning of his chosen era, which diffuses the reader's sense of progressions over time. My sense is that he was not able to decide if the book were to be textbook for teaching, academic document for university colleagues, or general historical account. Nevertheless, his interesting prose, his unique perspectives, and his strong synthetic thinking make this an important work.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Five Stars
By Natalie
Excellent book and history! Well researched.

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[J814.Ebook] PDF Ebook The Politics of Emerging Strategic Technologies: Implications for Geopolitics, Human Enhancement and Human Destiny (St Antony's Series)B

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Examines key trends in emerging strategic technologies and the implications for geopolitics and human dignity. Al-Rodhan argues that future evolution into transhumans is inevitable. In preparation, the global community is urged to establish strict moral and legal guidelines balancing innovation with the guarantee of dignity for all.

• Sales Rank: #2128326 in Books
• Published on: 2011-06-15
• Released on: 2011-06-15
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.00" h x 1.00" w x 6.00" l, 1.19 pounds
• Binding: Hardcover
• 339 pages

Review

'This is a fascinating account of the interplay of new technologies and national power. It goes beyond mechanistic estimates to explore social and political consequences of a world reshaped by technological change. The discussion of human enhancement through drugs or genetic manipulation is engrossing and raises new and difficult problems, both political and ethical, for what will soon be a very different world. The scope of the book, with its discussion of a full range of new technologies of consequences, makes it unique and insightful as a guide to one of the fundamental forces that will reshape international politics.' - James Lewis, Director and Senior Fellow, Technology and Public Policy Program, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, United States

'This book takes a broad look at emerging technologies and their role in enabling humanity to further its evolution. Nayef Al-Rodhan comprehensively addresses the key trends of these strategic technologies and the highly relevant geopolitical and strategic implications. Within this framework, he highlights the need for setting transnational policies in place to ensure ubiquitous human dignity and the freedom to choose our own destiny. This study is a scientific and breathtaking voyage into the future that will enchant the reader and encourage society to meditate on our human nature and subsequent responsibilities.' - Giovanni De Micheli, Director of the Electrical Engineering Institute and Integrated Systems Centre at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Switzerland

'...recommend the book for policymakers and anyone interested in the future of emerging technologies, as it gives a great introduction to each technology. It is informative, well structured and easy to follow. The style is clear and enjoyable to read. This book helps understand the landscape of the debate and gives a solid foundation for further analysis.' - Johann A. R. Roduit, Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy

About the Author
NAYEF R.F. AL-RODHAN is Senior Member of St. Antony's College, University of Oxford, UK. He is also Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for the Geopolitics of Globalization and Transnational Security at the Geneva Center for Security Policy, Geneva, Switzerland. He is a philosopher, neuroscientist, and geostrategist. A prize-winning scholar, he has published 21 books proposing many innovative concepts and theories in global politics and security. He was educated at Yale University, the Mayo Clinic and Harvard University. He is best known for several philosophical and analytic books on global politics that include: The Role of the Arab-Islamic World in the Rise of the West; Meta-Geopolitics of Outer Space; Sustainable History and the Dignity of Man; Emotional Amoral Egoism; Neo-Statecraft and Meta-Geopolitics; The Politics of Emerging Strategic Technologies and Symbiotic Realism.

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1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Thought Provoking
By khale
The Politics of Emerging Strategic Technologies: Implications for Geopolitics, Human Enhancement and Human Destiny by Nayef R.F. Al-Rodhan was sent to me to read and review.

(1) This is NOT a "fluff" book
(2) This is NOT a read in a week or two here and there book
(3) This DOES require some level of intelligence and awareness of our political, scientific and technological situation at this point and time to understand and apply
(4) This DOES require a dictionary or google help from time to time for understanding

The author approaches our current advances in technology and how they are having good and bad effects on our political situation and the earth in a scientific geological manner. How? Simply put it looks at how genetic modifications are playing a part in how our world advances. By looking deeply at how the choices we are making scientifically are affecting policies in our countries as well as looking at the moral and emotional concerns by various parties in regards to scientific changes on the horizon.

What is more important? Advancing technologically and scientifically or maintaining the dignity and health of the human race? Is compromise possible? Are the many changes on the horizon going to change how our policy makers view humanity, their place in the world and how our nation grows and changes alongside other progressive countries?

All are important questions that come as a result of this book. Although definitely a difficult book to read in the sense that it held a lot of information I was unfamiliar with and thus required some research, I still find it to be well laid out, well written and very informative in mostly layman's terms.

Is this one highly recommended by me? Well, to some yes, to others no. It's a 3 star book in my opinion. One in which it rates highly in it's category but not highly in my normal "to-read" list.

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Very interesting book about emerging technologies
By Customer
Let me start by saying this book was very difficult for me to read - not because it isn't a good book - but primarily because it is not the type of book I would usually read. Having said that, I understand the concepts in the book, but did have to do a bit of research while I was reading.

One of the key issues discussed in this book is how our world is changing due to new technologies and what kind of effect these changes have on us socially and politically. Are the decisions we are making going to have more good or bad ramifications politically?

Consider the worlds research in enhancing humans via drugs (making them stronger, bigger, able to live longer) or genetic manipulation (do you want a boy or girl, blonde hair or brown, etc) - how each country and their citizens, political parties, religious sects feel about this type of manipulation will shape how our world advances as well as how we are individually judged on our morality.

This book makes you question what should be more important - keeping ourselves and our morality in check OR making sure we advance scientifically as quickly as other countries? Each country is constantly pushed to "build it bigger" or "build it stronger" - but at what cost? Will our country be bypassed by others if we don't keep pushing forward?

After I grasped the concept of the book (and the big words I didn't know!), I actually enjoyed this book. It is not one I would choose to read on the beach for the day, but it very informative and really made me think about the effect of rapid advancements have on our country.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Intriguing Book that I Enjoyed
By Richart Ruddie
Just as I was going through the list of newly launched books in both technology and science, I came across The Politics of Emerging Strategic Technologies: Implications for Geopolitics, Human Enhancement and Human Destiny (St. Antony's Series) and title of the book was so interesting to me along with the cover page image that I made a decision to buy the book and read it. Authored by a Senior Associate Member of St.Antony's College, University of Oxford, UK, he is also a philosopher, neuroscientist and geostrategist. The book covers many aspects of global politics and geo security and how technology is being helping the life style of many people all over the world.

I find the book The Politics of Emerging Strategic Technologies: Implications for Geopolitics, Human Enhancement and Human Destiny (St. Antony's Series) as quite interesting because of the fact that it details about several unique concepts and innovative thinking techniques that is currently prevailing in the world of technology. The book helps the readers to know and understand more about emerging technologies and this can lead future generations to another side of success. There is also a vast discussion in emerging strategic technologies and its impact on geopolitics and human dignity. Among all the guidelines discussed in the book, it is found that there is more emphasis on the practice of moral standards and also legal framework that helps in maintaining the human dignity in an effective way. While many highly reputed persons have approved the book The Politics of Emerging Strategic Technologies: Implications for Geopolitics, Human Enhancement and Human Destiny (St. Antony's Series) as a very informative book on emerging technologies and its impact on the politics and consequences, many find it the book as a very interesting book offering a deep insight and guidance about fundamental forces that are influencing and shaping the international politics. Additionally there is also a very good discussion on problems and ethical issues that give more focus and emphasis on how the problems have to be managed and resolved. The book confirms a fact that when problems on moral and ethical issues are resolved it leads to strategical implications that will bring a unique human dignity and the view is presented entirely on scientific research and results.

So I feel that by reading this book, I have gained not another view about emerging technologies that are currently transforming the world and human lives from one trend to another, but in a most diligent way, it is helping the mankind to utilize the benefits to the betterment of improving lives. On the other side, technologies are also influencing the political world to bringa positive change in economy and world current affairs. So it is definitely worth reading and most importantly it contains a valuable source of information and gives a progressive view and acts as a guide from scientific point of view as to how future generations can draw a good helpline and bring about a positive change in economy and life style.

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The Politics of Emerging Strategic Technologies: Implications for Geopolitics, Human Enhancement and Human Destiny (St Antony's Series)B PDF

The Politics of Emerging Strategic Technologies: Implications for Geopolitics, Human Enhancement and Human Destiny (St Antony's Series)B PDF

The Politics of Emerging Strategic Technologies: Implications for Geopolitics, Human Enhancement and Human Destiny (St Antony's Series)B PDF

[Z793.Ebook] Fee Download The Psychology of Music Performance Anxiety, by Dianna Kenny

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The Psychology of Music Performance Anxiety, by Dianna Kenny

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Why are some performers exhilarated and energized about performing in public, while others feel a crushing sense of fear and dread, and experience public performance as an overwhelming challenge that must be endured? What are the factors that produce such vastly different performance experiences? Why have consummate artists like Frederic Chopin, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Pablo Cassals, Tatiana Troyanos, and Barbra Streisand experienced such intense music performance anxiety? This is a disorder that can affect musicians across a range of genres and of all standards. Some of the 'cures' musicians resort to can be harmful to their health and detrimental to their playing.

This is the first rigorous exposition of music performance anxiety. In this groundbreaking work, Dianna Kenny draws on a range of disciplines including psychology, philosophy, phenomenology, psychoanalysis, and performance theory in order to explain the many facets of music performance anxiety that have emerged in the empirical and clinical literature. She identifies some unifying guiding principles that will enhance our understanding of the condition and guide researchers and clinicians in the development of effective treatments. The book provides a detailed conceptual framework for the study of music performance anxiety and a review of the empirical and clinical research on the anxiety disorders. In addition it presents a thorough analysis of the concepts related to music performance anxiety, its epidemiology, and theories and therapies that may be useful in understanding and treating the condition. The voices of musicians are clearly heard throughout the book and in the final two chapters, we hear directly from musicians about how they experience it and what they do to manage it.

This book will lay a firm foundation for theorizing music performance anxiety and be of enormous value interest to those in the fields of music and music education, clinical psychology, and performance studies.

• Sales Rank: #716675 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Oxford University Press, USA
• Published on: 2011-10-01
• Released on: 2011-10-01
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 6.10" h x 1.00" w x 9.10" l, 1.25 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 400 pages

Features

• Used Book in Good Condition

Review

"The book will have wide interdisciplinary appeal to performing musicians, educators, psychologists, and psychiatrists; the author who is Professor Psychology and Professor of Music at the University of Sydney, has distinguished herself with a career's worth of prolific research, including over 200 publications. Her studies in the areas of music psychology and performance anxiety demonstrate strong methodologies and a desire for robust scientific inquiry... This book is an outstanding contribution to the psychology and performance literature." - Susan Geffen, Editor, Clavier Companion

About the Author

Dianna Kenny is a Professor of Psychology and a Professor of Music at the University of Sydney, Australia. She was the Founding Director of the Australian Centre for Applied Research in Music Performance at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music, University of Sydney, a post she held for five years. Dianna is interested in interdisciplinary research and has combined her own disciplines of psychology and music to progress the scientific study of music performance anxiety. Dianna has published widely in both disciplines, and has over 200 books, edited books, book chapters, journal articles, monographs and commissioned reports.

Most helpful customer reviews

6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
BEWARE! Enter the glamorous world of the classical musician at your own risk!
By bflatbeauty
Dr Kenny's impeccably researched study of performance anxiety amongst musicians reveals a world populated by some very tortured souls.
This is not your usual 'self-help' book and any reader expecting "the ten easy steps to..." approach should probably look elsewhere. Kenny makes extensive use of pre-existing clinical studies and literature - the bibliography runs to over 40 pages! She also details the results of her own extensive 'fieldwork' in the form of transcriptions of numerous interviews with mostly professional orchestral players. It is this rigorous combination of data that led me to the conclusion that this is the most comprehensive and exhaustive study of music performance anxiety published in the last decade.
As a professional musician, I found the last two chapters of the book the most interesting and valuable. The reader hears the musicians speaking freely about their struggles with performance anxiety and thankfully these raw and personal accounts offer many positive strategies for coping with its often debilitating effects. I doubt many of these hardened professionals would speak this frankly to their collegues, students or spouses about their everyday battles with the stress of performing in a profession generally viewed as glamourous and joyful.

I would highly recommend this book to all musicians(professionals and amateurs), psychologists, psychiatrists, teachers and parents. It unashamedly lifts the curtain on an unseen and sometimes distressing occupational hazard and identifies many of its causes. Most optimistically, Kenny has utilised the experiences of sufferers to help develop effective treatments to manage the condition. Hopefully, these strategies should help restore the "exhilarating opportunities and enjoyment that performing music affords".

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Wow! Music performance anxiety explained
By Muse
What a timely and needed book on a subject about which very little scholarly light has shone! Dianna Kenny's book is excellent because it has wide appeal - to music researchers, psychologists, musicians and students. This book really explains for the first time the sometimes incomprehensible fears of talented and capable musicians. Kenny provides very comprehensive reviews of the nature of anxiety and performance anxiety (thus making the book very relevant not only to musicians but to psychologists as well) before honing in on the specific issues related to anxiety and music performance. The last two chapters speak directly to musicians in a very compelling way. We learn in the preface, in a passing comment, that Kenny herself suffered from severe music performance anxiety. Her first hand experience has given this first class academic the edge in researching this difficult topic and explaining it to others.

2 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Page Numbers????!!
By Flutist
This is a great resource, but the kindle version does not include page numbers. That is extremely aggravating when writing papers that need the sources cited. Also, it is extremely tiresome to try and figure out the ratio of locations to page numbers, especially since there is not a code to go by. UGGGGHHHH!

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[O524.Ebook] Get Free Ebook Men against Fire: The Problem of Battle Command in Future War, by S. L. A Marshall

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• Sales Rank: #10511903 in Books
• Published on: 1947
• Binding: Hardcover

Most helpful customer reviews

13 of 14 people found the following review helpful.
Very Interesting
By Tom Munro
This is quite an interesting book. It was written by a American Officer who served in Europe and the Pacific as a combat officer in the Second World War. For some reason he researched the fire level of American troops. That is the number of Americans who used their weapons in combat. He did this by speaking to individual soldiers after engagements. He found out the rather startling fact that only 25% of troops fired their weapons. The 25% included all who fired their weapons even if they fired them only once. He found that soldiers who had more responsibility, say those who had been allocated machine guns or anti tank weapons were more inclined to fire and those least inclined to fire were rifle men.
The author discusses these findings in some depth in the military context. His approach is aimed at working out strategies to ensure that in a future combat soldiers will use their weapons more efficiently. However he discusses the issue of why soldiers don't use their weapons at some length. He finds that one of the main reasons is the socialization that people have had in American society and how they are affected by the taboos against killing and violence. He suggests that the failure to shoot was unrelated to cowardice as many of the soldiers who did not shoot were in other respects brave and willing to place themselves in danger.
The author discusses a number of ways of overcoming what he saw as the problem. He was of the view that the major problem relates to the nature of modern battle. In previous wars soldiers have tended to be bunched and close to NCO's or Officers. With the advent of modern weapons most soldiers are isolated from command and their fellows. He noted that both German and Japanese soldiers tended to talk amongst themselves almost constantly in combat situations were as Americans did not. He formed the view that conversation was positive in a number of ways. It allowed individual soldiers to know that there were others around and it also created feelings of obligation and support. The tactic of silence on the other hand meant that soldiers became isolated unaware if others were around and fell quickly into despair. In fact the key seems to be the group dynamics of the soldiers unit. Training cannot turn normal people into cold blooded killers but it can build up a sense of belonging and this will lead to individual soldiers fighting to protect their buddies. This is complex and involves the relation between soldiers and also the relations between officers and those they command. The author suggests that during operations soldiers should be told the locations of the positions they fight over and to some extent their importance. While not suggesting jingoism appeals to their role and duty are important.
During the Second World War military training had been on a fairly old model. That is by repetition to create an automatic reflex of obedience. This method is ancient and derived from the time of Frederick the Great. It was designed to ensure fast fire rates when armies used muskets and stood shoulder to shoulder in battle. The crux of this book is that soldiers trained by this method failed when they were separated from their officers and fellows. It suggests that training should involve high standards of discipline but it should aim at training individual soldiers in such a way that they can cope with taking on individual responsibility.
The book is quite short and it is a very interesting book to read on a number of levels. The first is that it dispels a number of myths about the nature of man. The second is that it is a fascinating study of small scale warfare. One of the more interesting books I have read in some time.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Five Stars
By kenneth workman
as promised

8 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
Missing the target
By A Customer
The reviewers who confuse the will to fight, destroy, kill. maim the target, your enemy (him/her) miss the point. If you can't hit an area or point target why shoot? It is not necessary to "see" an enemy, "battle drills" teach instinctive, reflex, effective (accurate) fire instantly when attacked. But, even area fire must be accurate (in the area) to be effective. It is accepted doctrine to fire at a window, or base of a tree etc. if that is where the enemy is or is likely to be. The criticism of Marine known distance training vs. "train-fire" (a pre-vietnam term) totally misses the point that you must master your weapon before you move to advanced or combat firing. I speak from the experience of a national match target shooter, marine infantry leader in combat, and review of british, french, and german small arms doctrine as well as training. The totally blind "hosing" of automatic M16(or any other weapon) fire over paddy dikes or around the corner of buildings achieves no effect on the enemy if it isn't hitting where it is intended. Marshall repeatedly points out the fact that men he interviewed felt detached and uninvolved. In many cases they were physically exhausted. Implicit in this "men against fire", and "the soldiers load..." are a number of factors concerning motivation, ferocity and espirit that Marshall only partly addresses. Although he does identify some of the negative influences. In particular his subjects were the US Army and its soldiers, understandable as that was his service and his charter. In particular he points out that direction to fire from leaders was absent. In virtually every case the PFCs, Corporals, Sergeants etc. were not actively leading, directing the rifleman that Marshall interviewed. A fuller understanding of the overall problem would be gained if, at a minimum, one also read "This Kind of War" about Korea. Trying to extrapolate one dreadful incident such as "Blackhawk Down" into a conclusion concerning all small arms marksmanship training/tactics does a dis-service to the actual causes of that disaster and fails to do justice to the seriousness of that particular problem. A very definitive study of the problem of weapons types, firing and effectiveness was done by the British after the failed commando raid on Tobruk in WWII. In essence everyone fired but the weapons mix was wrong. Gaining "fire-superiority" by fighting as a team remains the crux of the problem. The army structure Marshall studied was the squad not the smaller more cohesive fire team or german assault groups of WWI and WWII. On all three of the occassions that I have read men against fire, at various stages of my life, one principal conclusion I have retained is that the conclusions and recommendations lack force and are general. The value of the book is in the documentation of the incidents and the settings and outcome. The conclusions all involve military principals that pre-date gun powder. The goal remains that of insuring the fervent, unwavering belief in the heart/mind of the soldier that it is the enemy who must suffer, be maimed and whose destiny is to die and be destroyed.

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